• Uses first-person voice
"I saw... I escaped... I believed... We surveyed... We studied..."
• Has original, direct perspective
• Is an original, creative product
• Is a product of its immediate time / era
• Testifies, emotes, expresses
Examples
-Artworks [novels, short stories, poems, paintings, songs, murals, etc.]
-Letters, diaries, memoirs, speeches
-Oral histories, interviews
-Photographs, films
-Maps
-Government documents
-Artifacts [advertisements, posters, pamphlets, clothing, buildings, etc.]
-Original data, original research & case studies
-E-mail, blogs, Tweets
• Uses third-person voice
"He saw... She escaped... They believed... They surveyed...
They studied..."
• Has second-hand, indirect perspective
• Dependent, derivational product
• Produced after some time has passed
• Reports upon, analyzes
Examples
-Analytical scholarly articles
-Analytical essays & critiques
-Book reviews, music reviews, art reviews
-Histories