"The dependent variable is what the researcher is trying to measure or explain, and is the object of the research; thus, it is sometimes called the outcome variable." (Allen, 2017)

"Independent variables influence or cause variation in another variable (referred to as the dependent variable). Independent variables are isolated, manipulated, and controlled by a researcher to see how the manipulation affects the dependent variable." Allen, 2017)

This website reviews the differences with easy-to-understand examples.

Common phrases used in academic writing that can help you organize your paper, introduce ideas and quotes, and write clearly and professionally. No need to cite these phrases, only the information they introduce.

Helpful examples from APA of paraphrasing (writing in your own words).