- Use the "Advanced Search" option within an online database.
- Identify and brainstorm the key words and concepts relevant to your search--usually noun concepts and their synonyms.
Example: If you're researching "suburban" regions, related terms may be "suburbs", "suburbia", or "rural".
- Use Boolean operators to link key words for searching.
To narrow a search to an exact topic, link major concepts with the Boolean operator "AND."
Example: If searching for books on the colonialism associated with a particular nation, search for...
- "colonies" AND "Spain"
- "colonies" AND "France"
- "colonies" AND "Britain"
To expand a search to retrieve more results, link synonyms or related concepts with the Boolean operator "OR."
Remember to enclosed the ORed terms within parentheses (so that the search engine logic works properly).
Example: If searching for books on urban growth, search for...
- ("urban" OR "municipal" OR "metropolitan") AND ("growth" OR "development" OR "planning")
- Use truncation to search for all variations of a key word.
Example: If searching for books on the making of maps, search for "cartograph*", typing an asterisk or star symbol (*) at the end of the root "cartograph". This will find books that mention "cartography", any "cartographer", and "cartographers" at large.